How Productive Were The Strategies And Policies Presented...

Introduction: This proposal will examine how productive were the strategies and policies presented by different ruling parties in the UK during the period from 1979 to 2015, and which of them has presented the best outcome. There will be outlined the key aims and changes introduced by each party. Variety of different types of schools and colleges were opened, however, not all of them have shown productive performance. I have chosen this topic, because it can give an opportunity to look at the changes in the education system in the UK critically and find out what is the next step in schooling and education. Aim: The aim of the research is to investigate usefulness of each strategy and to outline the strongest. There will be presented an†¦show more content†¦The approach used by the Conservatives is a marketization of all schools, creation of new specialist schools and encouraging parents to show the preferences of school choice for their child (Whitty, 2008). During that time there have been developed large amount of Left-leaning teaching unions that were supporting the ideas of the Conservatives (Whitty, 2008). Conservatives have introduced the system of assessments and The National curriculum, which had to control welfare of schools (Whitty, 2008). One of the main advantages brought by the Conservatives was the decision to fund children, who were academically able to be educated in the best schools in the UK (Edwards et al., 1989; Haydn, 2004). The other great innovation done by the Conservatives is the allowance to publish the league tables of schools in order to assist parents i n their choice to attract more students to premiere schools (West and Bailey, 2013). By the 1986 Act City Technology Colleges were introduced. Their main emphasize was done on studying modern technologies and sciences (Whitty, 2008). However, influence of Local Educational Authorities was reduced (Whitty, 2008). The Conservatives failed to control school outcomes and achievements. They overestimated control over public sector (Whitty, 2008). The Conservatives have produced more realistic and coordinated view on educations, where parents are seen as consumers (Trowler, 2003). The New Labor party decided to change the whole concept of

The Implementation Of The Apple Company - 1657 Words

The Apple Company satisfies most of its employees using its comprehensive compensation plan that includes all workers irrespective of their positions. To start with, it is among the most profitable companies in the world and it focuses on the manufacturing and designing of software and electronics. Additionally, its most popular hardware devices are iPod, Mac Book, iMac, and iPhone, which make significant contributions to the company’s profits. The software devices that it manufactures are iTunes, audio tools, Mac Os X operating system, Final cut studio, and the logic studio. The combination of the software and hardware results in some of the most valuable and efficient electronic devices that serve multiple functions, increase the demand for the products, and answers the question of why it owns more than 250 retail shops in 10 countries. To remain the leading business in the production of electronic devices, the Apple Company invests billions of dollars in compensating employ ees since they play a vital role in stimulating the company’s growth. Besides, it provides bonuses and benefits aimed at making their lives comfortable when working at the company, after termination, and retirement. The compensation plan also covers health issues that standout when compared to health covers in companies such as Google. Evaluating the compensation plans against employee and consumer satisfaction is crucial when measuring the plan’s usefulness. Evaluating Compensation Plans Undoubtedly,Show MoreRelatedContingency Plan1552 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plan Tonya Starks STR/581 December 8, 2014 Instructor: Braford James Abstract Apple Inc. is a global innovator of the MacBook, tablets, iPhones, iPods, and other innovative products. Apple is the leader in the electronic market sector for innovative product growth and development. The implementation plan will explain the strategic controls and contingency plan for the organization along with an implementation process. This will allowRead MoreApple Inc. Strategy Formulation1720 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this project I am going to describe the Strategic and Marketing Plan of Apple Inc, Which is the biggest consumer electronics provider in the world. It provides wide range of consumer electronics in the market like MAC computers, IPOD, I Phone, LAPTOP, IPAD. It has about 49,400 employs and over 240 Retails Store all around the world wide out of it 218 are in US and 24 in UK rest in other countries. I personally think that before studying the strategy of any organization we need toRead MoreMgt 498963 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement process is important to the success of any company. Throughout the following paragraphs, the paper will discuss the primary components of the strategic management process. The paper will indicate the importance of why a company should use the strategic management process. Finally, the paper will close with the discussion of the research that found regarding Apple describing the strategic management process that the company uses in it implementation of a new idea. Primary Components of StrategicRead MoreOrganizational Development ( Od )1130 Words   |  5 Pagestechnologies, and the demand for better results by investors in Apple Inc. requires organizational change. Therefore, Apple Inc. needs to come up with new strategies, technologies, organizational structures, economic structures, and processes that will drive it towards achieving effectiveness (Schein, 2006, p. 93). Besides, change is needed within those individuals who facilitate the operational activities of the company. There is a need for Apple Inc. s employees to learn and adapt new skills due to theRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc.944 Words   |  4 PagesMain Body Statement of Problems and Purpose of Analysis Apple Inc. in 2012: Can it sustain its growth and defend against new competitive threats? The purpose of analyzing Apple Inc. is to determine if as an international company operating in a competitive global market Apple can sustain its lead over its main competitors. Having looked at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats of Apple Inc. the analysis will focus on how the company will use its brand name and customer’s loyalty to gainRead MoreApple Inc. Implementation Plan1615 Words   |  6 PagesApple Inc. is a leading worldwide retailer of computers, tablets, cell telephones, and other entertainment items. Apple needs new development techniques, product development and a leader in the mobile market. The implementation plan below will show the group of action best suited for the corporation along with the implementation process, assessed risks and financial projections used as the basis for moving the business before. Implementation Plan Apple Inc. is in a transition period, afterRead MoreBest Practices of Strategic Management: Innovation in Web Research1585 Words   |  6 Pagesways for strategic management. Through strategic management, companies strive to create ways that can create a balance between the external and internal environments. Management of information technology and innovation is among the most important aspects in strategic management. Schilling (2010) notes that managers have to establish the proper platforms to ran information technology in their respective organizations. Through the implementation of proper strategic management ways, organizations are ableRead MoreThe Organizational Strategy Of Apple1383 Words   |  6 PagesApple employs the P-O-L-C framework to develop and implement its strategy rather than the S.W.O.T. model. The P-O-L-C model has four components, namely planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The planning component constitutes the strategy formulation aspect, while the organizing, leading and controlling aspects constitute the strategy implementation aspect. The organizational strategy of Apple, which is a manifestation of its mission and vision statement, is anchored on innovativeness andRead MoreApple Inc. Strategic Management968 Words   |  4 PagesCase 10: Apple Computer and Steve P. Jobs (2006) Issue/Problem Identification 1. Apple is known to provide customers with a personal computer revolution that is easy-to-use machine. It was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Apple was a success at the beginning period of its production due to marketing and technological innovation and the company has invented. Apple grew quickly as the development of the products increases and the revenue continued to grow. Apple’s business strategyRead MoreHow Apple Has Improved The Area Of The Details About The Different Types Of Businesses Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement of Apple can be improved by expanding the area of the details about the different types of businesses of Apple. STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY APPLE: Steve jobs was an expertise in innovative product development whereas Tim Cook is expertise in supply chain management. Tim cook’s expertise in supply can be seen during the release of iPhone 5s. It was available in 31 different countries within a week of release and was available to 100 countries at the end of calendar year. Always Apple was able

Creation, the Fall, and the Journey of Redemption Free Essays

Describe how the architecture and rituals associated with early catholic cathedrals represent the Creation, the Fall, and the journey of Redemption that leads back to the presence of God. Include in your essay a discussion of the east-west orientation of the cathedral, the atrium, the baptistery or baptismal font, anointing, and the symbolic layout of the structure. Creation begins with the fall and continues as a journey towards redemption through the resurrection. We will write a custom essay sample on Creation, the Fall, and the Journey of Redemption or any similar topic only for you Order Now Catholics are well known for their elaborate Cathedrals. Some are so famous that people travel from all over the world to admire its artistic workmanship. In Christianity the Catholic denomination is the largest denomination. The leader being the Pope who lives in Rome, Italy. The Catholic Church with their symbols can be related closely to that of what is found in LDS symbols. Many of the most sacred of ceremonies from these two religions are closely alike. This is due because they both originate from Hebrew origins in symbolic meaning behind the ceremonies. Cathedrals and LDS Temples can be related as a house here on earth dedicated to God. Cathedrals were set apart with the best the people had to offer. Examples of materials used to build the Cathedrals were purple, purple die was the most expensive dye in previous times, blue dye, red dye, silver, and gold. The stained glass and wall art was used to tell the stories of creation, struggles, faith, hope, and redemption. We can relate this to LDS temples because we try to build temples with only the best of materials. It is filled as white, blue, and gold linings. Temples are usually eloquent but they try to avoid from over expressing beauty in the temple and keep in clean. This is because one theme of LDS temples is clean. It is a place where clean beings can dwell, for example, God and even our souls because of the redemption power of God. Endless novels have been written about the fall. Perhaps the biggest change that has happened in the Catholic Church is when the ordinance of baptism started changing over time. Sometimes the change is a good thing because God will’s it. An example of this is when Joseph Smith first gave the temple ceremonies and ordinances it took 6 hours for the endowment session. Things are much different today. Other times things change because with time we forget, or at the very least we unknowingly change things. I remember a story when because of wars some LDS churches in Germany worked as best as they could under the circumstances. Eventually when the war was done and higher LDS officials were able to come into Germany and visit the Saints something astonishing happened. It had only been a matter of a few years and yet the way the Sacrament was being administered was not in line with the Church guidelines. Talk to Brother Openshaw on campus if you want a more credible and full detailed account of this story. The Journey of Redemption is all encompassing. I believe that everything in this mortal life has a creation, fall, and eventual redemption. The articles we read this week made strong bridges showing that Cathedrals perhaps paved the way for eventual LDS temples to be built. On a side note I find it to be a testimony builder for there to be so many similarities between LDS temples and the Catholic Church. It is true that we have more common than we do in difference. I believe God influences everyone around the world regardless of their religion. So when another group of people who are separate from us have so many of the same beliefs it gives me comfort knowing that God loves all men and women, and He reaches out to teach us and loves us all. How to cite Creation, the Fall, and the Journey of Redemption, Papers

Foreigner 4 by Foreigner free essay sample

In 1977 the band Foreigner made its way into the spotlight with its debut album: Foreigner. Their next album Double Vision featured their signature song Cold Blooded which made it to spot number two on the Billboards top 100 in 1978. On July 2, 1981 Foreigner released their fourth album, â€Å"Foreigner 4†. Despite their previous albums’ success records, Foreigner 4 blew the competition out of the water. Featuring songs such as Waiting for a Girl Like You, Juke Box Hero, and Don’t Let Go, the album’s unique soundtrack attracted people of all tastes to make this album not only my favorite album by them but also their most popular among the public. In Juke Box Hero, the lead vocalist Lou Gramm talks about a relatable topic among adolescents, the desire to become a Rock Star, or in this case; a Juke Box Hero. Then with Waiting for a Girl Like You the audience had a tear-jerking experience listening to the highly successful soft-rock ballad. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreigner 4 by Foreigner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With everything from chorused vocaling, heavy guitar riffs, to even a ballad with Girl on the Moon, this album has something for everyone. So what are you waiting for? Pick up your phone, head to your local CD store, or ask your parent if they have the album; whatever it takes to listen to this legendary album. Find out what all the buzz is about! Take it from me, you won’t regret it.

Suitable Radiological Mobile Lab for United Arab Emirates

Development Of Spy Planes Essays - Reconnaissance, Free Essays

Development Of Spy Planes Essays - Reconnaissance, Free Essays Development Of Spy Planes Development of Spy Aircraft 21 February 2000 Since the beginning of time there has always been conflict and inevitably war. Because of war, it is logical that enemies would seek out information about each other in order to increase their own chances of survival. Reconnaissance would be the proper terminology for gathering this information. There are many ways in which to gather reconnaissance, however I am going to talk about aerial reconnaissance and the use of spy aircraft as a method of acquiring important information. The first documented evidence of aerial reconnaissance was in 1794 when Captain J.M.J. used his captive balloon to observe his enemy at the Battle of Fleurus. The first documented use of airplane reconnaissance was in 1911, when Italian Captain Piazza spent an hour in his Blerot making notes on the Turkish positions between Azizia and Triopoli. The next year in 1912, this same pilot recorded the first aerial reconnaissance sortie using a camera. These first methods of reconnaissance were very cumbersome events because the cameras of those days would fill your entire lap. Because it greatly increased range of sight, it was extremely advantageous to observe from a higher elevation. For example, an average 6ft man can see approximately 3 miles, however, when put in an aircraft 65 feet above the earths surface, his horizon increase to 10 miles. Moreover, put him in an aircraft 35,000 ft above the earths surface and his horizon is no less than 230 miles. This paradigm shift in intelligence would lead to astounding innovations in aerial reconnaissance within this century. The Great War (World War I) was basically a ground war, which consisted of bloody fighting throughout an immense system of interconnected trenches. Because of this, each side needed a reliable source of intelligence about each others movements At the beginning of the Great War aircraft had only been used as an effective fighting machine. After realizing that these high-flying aircraft could observe and bring back panoramic photographs of enemy fortifications and movements, each side began modifying aircraft to carry large cameras of the time. Most of the modifications were very simple, consisting of a hole cut in the bottom of the fuselage through which your back gunner could point and operate the camera. However, more often than not, the back gunner just basically manhandled this large robust camera into position when a target was sighted. In either case, by the end of the Great War in 1918 more than 90,000 people on all fronts, produced roughly 12,000 large photographic prints a da y. Also, the quality and reliability of these photos were unimagined four years earlier. Pressure of four years of war had transformed aerial reconnaissance into a routine operation using extremely large but very good cameras designed for the job. (Gunston pg.8) By the time World War II began in September 3, 1939, there were many aircraft in circulation, however the U.S. had not been able to get sufficient photos of Germany for a variety of reasons. Sidney Cotton, who was an expert pilot and photographer, was contracted by the British to daringly fly his civilian Lockheed airplane over German hostile territory and come back with photos of the German fleet. He had accomplished his mission in less than a month after the War had started. Sidney Cotton went on to set up the Photographic Development Unit in Heston. The Unit became know as the Photographic Reconnaissance Unit, which was famous for developing millions of films and made great technological advances in the art of aerial reconnaissance. During the time of World War II aerial reconnaissance and intelligence gathering really came into its own. Advanced warplanes were often modified as reconnaissance platforms capable of carrying a battery of cameras at high speed and over long distances . These reconnaissance flights became a regular part of the war, and were instrumental in the planning of the D-day invasion. The Cold War, which began at the end of World War II and last until the dismantleing of the Soviet Union in 1991 called for extreme advancement in all aspects of aircraft and aerial reconnaissance. It was this sensitive period that inspired the United States CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) to fund the production of the

Should citizens be permitted to carry a concealed weapon to their Research Paper - 1

Should citizens be permitted to carry a concealed weapon to their workplace (e.g., office, school, construction site) - Research Paper Example Lott (2000) explains that the government should therefore develop effective mechanisms of ensuring safety of workplaces and the social places by banning the rising trend. By carrying such weapons as to their workplaces, it becomes a nuisance to public security as well as to their own security due to the fact that human don’t always act rationally and therefore are likely to use the weapons in an inappropriate manner more often that they are very going to need to use the same in the appropriate manner. The government has set in place several mechanisms of ensuring peace and order in the society. Key among such efforts is the institution of a dedicated police hotline service, which responds in time and carries out effective investigation thereby ensuring that the American society is safe enough for its citizens. However, the police service may not always respond promptly in every case. Furthermore, the criminal trend and cases of assault continue to increase thereby placing pote ntially anybody at risk. For self-protection, most people prefer to have concealed weapons with them in case of an eventuality. Most of those who carry such weapons claim that they do so for self-defense. They thus go with such weapons to their workplaces including offices, schools and construction sites. With the weapons, citizens make the society less safe and social interaction more restrictive. During daily interactions, employees act aggressively to one another. Such acts of aggression arise due to internal organizational wrangles. However, with the concealed weapons, most people opt to use violence to settle such scores thereby harming their colleagues in the process. Such acts of aggression are costly to both the organization and to the respective individuals. The organization loses reproductive person-hours as the wounded individual seeks treatment while the offender risks a possible jail term. The use of violence at workplaces to solve internal wrangles destroys free interp ersonal relations thereby slowing the rate of organizational productiveness. Additionally, when citizens carry such weapons to their workplaces they make the society unsafe since the weapons present an amount of danger to other members of the society. Some citizens work as teachers and therefore interact with young unsuspecting members of the society. Through their interactions accidents occur, the damage resulting from the accidents may worsen if the teacher had some concealed weapons with them. There have been several cases of guns accidentally going off thus harming unsuspecting members of the public. The penknives and swords may drop accidentally thereby harming others. Workplaces must always maintain certain safety levels, the law demands that organizations compensate employees who hurt themselves while at the workplace. Such legislations are considerate as the employees are assets to the organization. With concealed weapons, the workplace becomes increasingly dangerous and unf it for productive work. The numerous accidents that ensue thereafter may cause the organization millions of dollars in compensations. By permitting citizens to carry concealed weapons to their workplaces, the government would be making the society susceptible to illegal guns thereby promoting criminal activities. Citizens obtain small firearms from government facilities from where they register both the guns and the bullets. This way, it becomes easier to investigate criminal activitie

Inclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inclusion - Essay Example Thus disabled children are intended to be included into the normal group of students in a school, as a part of this concept, supported with the special assistance that they might need (Hall, 2010, pp.11-12). The present study focuses an understanding of the concept of inclusion, the services benefitting disabled students, and the advantages and disadvantages thereof. Services Benefitting Disabled Students: There are certain services that have been found to help the disabled students in schools. Here three of such services shall be discussed that include: Inclusive Service Models, Collaborative teaming or planning, and Family Involvement. Inclusive Service Models: There are several models for inclusion in teaching intended to serve the disabled students. The consultant model involves consultation of a special educator with a general instructor for lessons in areas related to â€Å"curriculum adaptation, instructional accommodations, remediation for struggling students, and assessment accommodations and/or modifications† (Holdheide & Reschly, 2008, p.6). The coaching model reflects on all-purpose and particular educators teaching and coaching students in turns in the subjects of curriculum and instruction. These are the subjects where these educators tend to be more expert and have greater amount of knowledge. A third model of this service is the collaborative teaming model in which the â€Å"special and general educator share equal responsibility for the lesson design, implementation, and assessment of instruction† (Holdheide & Reschly, 2008, p.6). Collaborative Teaming or Planning: Unlike the early times, in the present times, the educators have realized the need for working in teams in order to share their knowledge in an effective manner to their students. Thus, collaborative practices are welcome more in the recent times, even in the inclusive teaching programs. However, such planning has been found to create complexities as well since general educators may not be comfortable with the practices. However this service has been demanded by the bodies of literature and collaborative teaching has been incorporated as the most preferred system of teaching for disabled students as well. When collaborative teaching is applied on inclusive teaching, then disabled students along with normal students are provided with equal lessons and hence the disabled students do not get ignored. â€Å"Graduates of teacher education programs that practice what they preach and provide general and special education teacher candidates opportunities to see and experience collaboration in practice are better equipped to engage in collaborative teaching models† (Holdheide & Reschly, 2008, pp.7-8). Family Involvement: This is one of the most important components of the services to disabled students. It has been observed that when students and their families are supportive in nature and well informed then they tend to become powerful advocates for the inclusive form of teaching for disabled students in classes. This service requires that the parents are well involved in the process and are capable of anticipating the students well otherwise the efforts may be at loss. â€Å"Sharing consistent and frequent information on the purposes and benefits of inclusion and involving the students and families during the development and implementation of inclusion plans facilitates buy-in and secures support†

Legal and Regulatory Considerations in IT Security Research Paper

Legal and Regulatory Considerations in IT Security - Research Paper Example In the US, data laws used in one state are not necessarily similar to those used in an independent state. Correspondingly, data laws used in the US states are not exactly similar to those used in other nations like Britain or Canada. Technically, laws governing access and use of computerized information differ from one autonomous region to another. Succeeding sections of this paper contains a comparative analysis of data laws in Washington State, the EU, and Canada. Data privacy and encryption regulations in Washington State are covered under chapter 19, section 255 of the state’s laws. In Washington, private parties are protected by law against access and misappropriation of personal information by unauthorized parties. Washington laws define data and information as any software or hardware files, including but not limited to personal contact information, credit and debit card information, plus any encrypted business or personal documents (Lindsey & Smith, 2012). In Washington, breach of security and unauthorized access to confidential data and information constitutes acts of crime. In addition, unauthorized disclosure of personal or business information is prohibited by laws. Data owners must be informed by data controllers of any intention to disclose information prior to the disclosure (Lindsey & Smith, 2012). Persons guilty of data crimes include anyone involved in the assisting, facilitating or abetting of unauthorized access and m isappropriation of someone else information. Persons and companies found to violate these data laws are subject to remedial provisions and liabilities. One data law in Washington involves controlled misuse of unauthorized information. Unauthorized access to information, followed by subsequent viewing, circulation or sale of the information attracts economically reasonable compensations as damages. In Washington State, another law which seeks to minimize data misappropriation asserts that any unauthorized access

Green Architecture Design Elements

Green Architecture Design Elements Introduction Since the Industrial Revolution, the world has witnessed incalculable technological achievements, population growth, and corresponding increases in resource use. As we enter a new century, we are recognizing the side effects of our activities: pollution, landfills at capacity, toxic waste, global warming, resource and ozone depletion, and deforestation. These efforts are straining the limits of the Earths carrying capacity  Ã‚  its ability to provide the resources required to sustain life while retaining the capacity to regenerate and remain viable. As the worlds population continues to expand, implementation of resource-efficient measures in all areas of human activity is imperative. The built environment is one clear example of the impact of human activity on resources. Buildings have a significant impact on the environment, accounting for one-sixth of the worlds freshwater withdrawals, one-quarter of its wood harvest, and two-fifths of its material and energy flows. Structures also impact areas beyond their immediate location, affecting the watersheds, air quality, and transportation patterns of communities.[1] That recognition is leading to changes in the way the building industry and building owners approach the design, construction, and operation of structures. With the leadership of diverse groups in the public and private sectors, the building industry is moving toward a new value in its work: that of environmental performance. The industrys growing sustainability ethic is based on the principles of resource efficiency, health, and productivity. Realization of these principles involves an integrated, multidisciplinary approach one in which a building project and its components are viewed on a full life-cycle basis. This cradle-to-cradle approach, known as green or sustainable building, considers a buildings total economic and environmental impact and performance, from material extraction and product manufacture to product transportation building design and construction, operations and maintenance, and building reuse or disposal. Ultimately, adoption of sustainable building practices will lead to a shift in the building industry, with sustainability thoroughly embedded in its practice, products, standards, codes, and regulations. Understanding the specifics of sustainable building and determining effective sustainable practices can be confusing. Local governments and private industry often do not have the resources to perform the necessary research to assemble information on sustainable practices, assuming such information is readily available. This thesis, by its parts, presents a full vision about green architecture, green buildings, and the opportunity to apply this architecture in Lebanon. In Addition, it includes a full conceptual design for a proposed project related to such architecture. PART 1: Green Architecture / Green Buildings 1.1 Definition Sustainable development is the challenge of meeting growing human needs for natural resources, industrial products, energy, food, transportation, shelter, and effective waste management while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural resource base essential for future life and development. This concept recognizes that meeting long-term human needs will be impossible unless we also conserve the earths natural physical, chemical, and biological systems.[2] Sustainable development concepts, applied to the design, construction, and operation of buildings, can enhance both the economic well-being and environmental health of communities around the world. The Union Internationale des Architects/American Institute of Architects (UIA/AIA) World Congress of Architects recognized that in its 1993 Declaration of Interdependence, which acknowledges that buildings and the built environment play a major role in the human impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. If sustainable design principles are incorporated into building projects, benefits can include resource and energy efficiency, healthy buildings and materials, ecologically and socially sensitive land use, transportation efficiency, and strengthened local economies and communities. Embracing sustainability concepts, the goals aim to reduce energy, operation, and maintenance costs; reduce building-related illnesses; increase the productivity and comfort of building occupants; reduce waste and pollution; and increase building and component durability and flexibility.[3] In the developed countries, public and private leaders have realized the economic and environmental benefits of green building practices and are instituting policies, developing building guidelines, and manufacturing products and systems that will achieve sustainable development goals. 1.2 Green buildings history 1.2.1 Historical Buildings According to David Gissen, curator of architecture and design and the National Building Museum in Washington DC, structures such as Londons Crystal Palace and Milans Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II used methods that decreased the impact of the structure on the environment. Systems such as roof ventilators and underground air cooling chambers were used to regulate indoor air temperature.[4] In the early twentieth century, several skyscrapers such as the Flatiron Building and the New York Times Building in New York utilized deep-set windows and the Carson Pirie Scott department store in Chicago had retractable awnings. Both of these techniques were effective in controlling interior temperature while lessoning the buildings impact on the environment.[5] From the 1930s through the 1960s, the forward thinking cooling methods mentioned above gave way to some new building technologies that would change inner-city building construction dramatically. The invention of air conditioning, reflective glass, and structural steel popularized the enclosed glass and steel buildings that litter the American city today. These buildings were able to be heated and cooled with massive HVAC systems that consumed huge amounts of cheap and readily available fossil fuels.[6] The massive consumption of energy required to inhabit these buildings made their viability tenable and entirely dependent upon energy availability and cost. 1.2.2 The Infancy Around the time that the glass box style high rise had become the icon of the American city (circa 1970), a forward thinking group of architects, environmentalists, and ecologists[7] were inspired by the growing environmental movement and the higher fuel costs that were prevalent during the 1970s.[8] The genesis of these two scenarios ultimately resulted in the modern build green movement. The first Earth Day, celebrated in April 1970, gave some credence to this new building concept, but the OPEC oil embargo of 1973 gave the burgeoning environmental movement, and subsequently the green build effort, the kick start it needed. With gas lines stretching for blocks, some Americans began to question the conventional wisdom that we should be so independently reliant upon fossil fuels for our energy.[9] As a result of the oil embargo, amongst other energy concerns, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) formed a Committee on Energy that was broken into two camps. One group looked toward passive, such as reflective roofing materials and environmentally beneficial sitting of buildings, to achieve energy savings, while the other concentrated more on technological solutions, such as the use of triple-glazed windows.'[10] As energy concerns subsided, momentum for green building and the environment, in general, slowed down, but a dedicated core-group of architects continued to push their green building concept forward. A couple of notable buildings constructed during the seventies which utilized concepts of green design are: The Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters in England, which utilized a grass roof, day-lighted atrium, and mirrored windows; the Gregory Bateson Building in California, which used energy-sensitive photovoltaic (solar cells)[11], under-floor rock store cooling systems, and area climate control devices.[12] Through the late seventies, throughout the eighties, and into the early nineties, much research was commissioned on energy efficient processes. This research resulted in more effective solar panels, prefabricated efficient wall systems, water reclamations systems, modular construction units, and direct usage of light through windows in order to decrease day-time energy consumption.[13] 1.3 Green Organizations 1.4 Green effect on buildings cities 1.4.1 Energy Efficiency Approximately 50 percent of the energy use in buildings is devoted to producing an artificial indoor climate through heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting.[14] A typical buildings energy bill constitutes approximately 25 percent of the buildings total operating costs. Estimates indicate that climate-sensitive design using available technologies could cut heating and cooling energy consumption by 60 percent and lighting energy requirements by at least 50 percent in U.S. buildings.[15] 1.4.2 Water Efficiency Water conservation and efficiency programs have begun to lead to substantial decreases in the use of water within buildings. Water-efficient appliances and fixtures, behavioral changes, and changes in irrigation methods can reduce consumption by up to 30 percent or more.[16] As demand on water increases with urban growth, the economic impact of water conservation and efficiency will increase proportionately. Water efficiency not only can lead to substantial water savings, it also can reduce the requirement for expansion of water treatment facilities. Non-residential water customers account for a small percentage of the total number of water customers, but use approximately 35 percent or more of the total water.[17] 1.4.3 Waste Reduction Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the states waste comes from commercial buildings.[18] During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills. To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. Greywater, wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes. Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process.[19] 1.4.4 Construction Cost Reduction Application of green building concepts can yield for savings during the construction process. Measures that are relatively easy to implement can result in savings to the contractor in the following areas: Lower energy costs, by monitoring usage, installing energy-efficient lamps and fixtures, and using occupancy sensors to control lighting fixtures; Lower water costs, by monitoring consumption and reusing storm water and/or construction wastewater where possible; Lower site-clearing costs, by minimizing site disruption and movement of earth and installation of artificial systems; Lower landfill dumping fees and associated hauling charges, through reuse and recycling of construction and demolition debris; Lower materials costs, with more careful purchase and reuse of resources and materials; Possible earnings from sales of reusable items removed during building demolition; and Fewer employee health problems resulting from poor indoor air quality. This listing suggests some possible areas for cost savings; the project team can identify other possibilities through a cooperative and integrated team approach. The contractor can also improve relations with the community and building owner by viewing them as part of the team effort to implement environmentally sound construction measures. 1.4.5 Building Operation and Maintenance The green building measures discussed in this manual can lead not only to lower building operating expenses through reduced utility and waste disposal costs, but also to lower on-going building maintenance costs, ranging from salaries to supplies. For example, in many buildings, maintenance staff collects recycled materials on each floor or even at every employees desk and carry the materials down to the basement for hand sorting. Recycling chutes, a viable green alternative, allow direct discarding of materials from any floor in the building to the basement. The chute system, which ideally is installed during initial construction or renovation, can sort materials automatically, saving labor costs by eliminating the need to collect, transport, and sort recyclables. Other savings come in the form of lower waste hauling fees; reduced workers compensation insurance premiums due to lower claims for accidents from sharp glass and cans; reduced elevator maintenance; less frequent cleanin g of spills on carpets and floors; and less need for pest control. Environmentally friendly housekeeping products can also have financial advantages. For example, cleaning products that are purchased as concentrates and use minimal packaging not only promote waste reduction, but also can reduce product usage by 30 to 60 percent with dispensers that more accurately measure and dilute the cleaning products for optimum effectiveness.[20] Building owners need to view the building manager and staff as vital participants in environmentally sound and cost-effective operations. Building managers, charged with the efficient operation and maintenance of multi-million-dollar assets, have experience in all areas of operations and maintenance over the life of a building. Once a building is operational, training of management and maintenance staff including education on effective green building measures such as building energy management systems, new cleaning products, and new building codes and standards can help them to maintain the building in a resource-efficient and economically favorable manner. 1.4.6 Insurance and Liability The past decades conventional office design, construction, and operational practices have decreased the quality of the indoor office environment, resulting in new health concerns and associated economic costs and liability. The introduction of a multitude of new contaminant pollution sources into the workplace, combined with tighter building construction, has intensified air-quality problems. For example, poor indoor air quality can result from such factors as faulty air-conditioning systems, occupant related pollutants, construction materials that emit high levels of volatile organic compounds, and poor maintenance practices. The U.S. EPA ranks indoor air pollution among the top five environmental risks to public health. Unhealthy indoor air is found in up to 30 percent of new and renovated buildings.[21] Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Building Related Illness (BRI) have become more common in the workplace, increasing building owner and employer costs due to sickness, absenteeism, and increased liability claims. It has been estimated that SBS and BRI cost roughly $60 billion each year in medical expenses and lost worker productivity in the United States.[22] Legal actions related to Sick Building Syndrome and other building-related problems have increased. These actions against building designers, owners, or employers may be initiated by occupants who have short- or long-term problems, ranging from headaches and burning eyes to more serious ailments. Initial economic impact may come in the forms of higher health insurance premiums, increased workers compensation claims, and decreased productivity. Expensive remediation projects and environmental cleanups may follow, and building owners may try to recover losses from the original project contractors and architects through litigation. By ensuring better indoor air quality, building owners, employers, and design professionals can lower their risk of future litigation by building occupants. Professional liability insurance companies have indicated a willingness to offer design professionals lower insurance premiums for higher operating-procedure standards that lead to improved indoor air quality. Some national architectural firms are attempting to rate building products according to the levels of volatile organic compounds they emit after installation, and to educate building owners and managers about healthier product choices. 1.4.7 Occupant Health and Productivity The purpose of a building is not only to provide shelter for its occupants, but also to provide an environment conducive to high performance of all intended occupant activities. Recent studies have shown that buildings with good overall environmental quality, including effective ventilation, natural or proper levels of lighting, indoor air quality, and good acoustics, can increase worker productivity by six to 16 percent.[23] An organizations most significant financial commitment is usually to its employees. Many employers spend at least as much on salary-related expenditures as they do on constructing an entire company building. In many organizations, salaries and associated benefits consume the majority of the annual operating budget.[24] For example; based on the sample calculations in 2, a typical employer could spend $233 per square foot annually for an employee. Building construction costs generally fall below this level, often by 50 percent. In addition, annual employee salary-related expenditures, using the numbers in 2, are approximately 130 times greater than energy costs. A productivity increase of six percent equates to savings to the employer of $14 per square foot eight times the cost of the buildings annual energy bill. Given this information, an employer can decide to maximize the performance and efficiency of personnel resources through assessment of, and improvement to, the indoor environmental quality of its building. The following account of a recent renovation project illustrates this approach. Both building owners and building tenant/employers can benefit in other ways by improving indoor environmental quality. For owners, these improvements can result in higher property values, longer tenant occupancy and lease renewals, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability risks, extended equipment life, and good publicity. For tenants, benefits include reduced absenteeism and better employee morale, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability risks, and community recognition. If the building owner is also the employer, an organization can offset initial construction design and systems costs with the reduction of long-term organizational and operational expenses over the buildings life cycle. 1.4.8 Building Value Green buildings high efficiency and performance can result in higher property values and potentially lower lenders credit risk. Lower operating costs associated with more efficient systems can lead to higher building net income. In addition to increasing a buildings net operating income or value, green building measures may allow building owners to charge higher rents or achieve higher rates of building occupancy, if tenants view green properties as more desirable. Currently, voluntary building rating programs are under development for commercial buildings in the United States. As these programs are introduced into the marketplace and gain the acceptance of building owners and tenants, they could impact the value of properties. Prospective tenants will be able to rate buildings based on such measurable features as natural daylight, better indoor air quality, and lower energy, water, and waste costs. If enough buildings are rated for environmental performance, those that perform better will start to realize market advantages. 1.4.9 Local Economic Development Opportunities Promotion and implementation of green building practices within a community can generate new economic development opportunities. These opportunities can take a variety of forms, including new business development to meet the demand for green products and services; resource-efficiency improvement programs that enable existing businesses to lower operating costs; development of environmentally oriented business districts; and job training related to new green businesses and products. 1.5 Appliance Ways of applying 1.5.1 Appliances 1.5.1.1 Selecting environmentally and economically balanced building materials. Buildings significantly alter the environment. According to Worldwatch Institute1, building construction consumes 40 percent of the raw stone, gravel, and sand used globally each year, and 25 percent of the virgin wood. Buildings also account for 40 percent of the energy and 16 percent of the water used annually worldwide. In the United States, about as much construction and demolition waste is produced as municipal garbage. Finally, unhealthy indoor air is found in 30 percent of new and renovated buildings worldwide. Negative environmental impacts flow from these activities. For example, raw materials extraction can lead to resource depletion and biological diversity losses. Building materials manufacture and transport consumes energy, which generates emissions linked to global warming and acid rain. Landfill problems, such as leaching of heavy metals, may arise from waste generation. All these activities can lead to air and water pollution. Unhealthy indoor air may cause increased morbidity and mortality. Selecting environmentally preferable building materials is one way to improve a buildings environmental performance. To be practical, however, environmental performance must be balanced against economic performance. Even the most environmentally conscious building designer or building materials manufacturer will ultimately want to weigh environmental benefits against economic costs. They want to identify building materials that improve environmental performance with little or no increase in cost. The building community is making decisions today that have environmental and economic consequences. Its decisions are plagued by incomplete and uncertain data as well as the lack of a standardized methodology for evaluating the data. The NIST/EPA team seeks to support these decisions by gathering environmental and economic performance data and by structuring and computerizing the decision-making process. The resulting BEES tool will be publicly available over the Internet. In the mean while, the USGBC has published a list of materials certified from LEED containing several green materials including: flooring, interior construction, paints film, fabrics, draperies, tack surfaces, ceiling systems, lighting, appliances, millwork, furniture and plumping fixtures. 1.6 Education of green architecture Since 1993, UIA released the Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future suggesting that the architectural profession should seek to achieve ecological sustainability within the limited time that is likely to be available. And its been 14 years after the release of UIA / UNESCO Charter For Architectural Education that registers among educational goals an ecologically balanced and sustainable development of the built environment. Since then, many architecture schools have introduced or upgraded courses on technical aspects of sustainability, like Energy Conscious Design, Sustainable Architecture, Beyond Green or Bioclimatic Architecture and others more. The integration of sustainability in design schools up to now has been reviewed by several surveys. Most of them share two conclusions: first, that not many schools have embraced the subject in a thorough manner, pointing at the low level at which sustainable design concepts have been incorporated into the regular curriculum and noticing that environmental education in architecture has been done on an ad-hoc basis, fragmented and insufficient'[25]; second, that sustainable design requires teaching methods quite different than the long-established ones[26]. Environmental crisis and its foreseeable effects are still a marginal issue in the academic discourse at schools supposedly dealing with the environment, perhaps because crises are not an attractive subject in our feel-good era. As a result, those who will have to tackle the looming crisis in the near future are not adequately prepared. Still, the need to implement sustainable design is widely recognized by the educational community, at least in principle. A telling example is a survey among architectural educators in more than 30 European countries in 2001[27], where nearly 90% of the respondents are voting for a rather dramatic shift from a currently rather low to a high consideration of Sustainable Development in future architectural education. According to the survey, only 19% of those said that this concept is currently receiving a very/quite high level of consideration, and 83% said it should receive a very/quite high level of consideration in architectural education, identifying as an aspect of leading importance the integration of sustainability-issues into all studio design. In spite of such consensus, there is still a long road until sustainable design is firmly rooted in architectural learning. There are a number of reasons for this, within and outside the academic perimeter: 1.6.1 Academic obstacles _____________________ In most schools that show environmental concern, related issues are usually confined in elective classes, detached from design studios. This creates a fringe reputation for sustainability, shunning its principles from the main design projects to the periphery of architectural learning. As a result, no practical experience is gained in how to introduce sustainable qualities in the core design agenda. ______________________ In many cases the emphasis is on quantitative rather than qualitative matters. As a result number crunching eclipses design, and students tend to associate sustainable concerns with numerical performance only, detached from issues like comfort, resources, or societal ethics. In that manner, sustainability-related courses are considered similar to those on technical fields like structural or mechanical design, but not real architecture. ______________________ Sustainable design is a rather recent theme, not very familiar to the old guard that administers schools. Most tutors have had limited or even nonexistent training in their past, and practical experience is even more rare. Consequently, a lack of importance placed on sustainable design by many architectural educators'[28] is no surprise. As a result, it is difficult to introduce obscure, uninteresting or useless new topics to the curriculum, especially in view of the fact that sustainable design challenges the predominantly artistic stance of architecture. ___________________ Sustainable design is a complex architectural approach, encompassing diverse fields of knowledge and requiring multi-discipline teamwork. Therefore its teaching cannot fit with the conventional linear approach where different technical skills are segregated in different departments, with rare opportunities to bring them all together through joint projects in a holistic manner. Furthermore, sustainable architecture is a complex subject that should be covered throughout the curriculum'[29], not just in sporadic projects. ____________________ Furthermore, design projects are frequently detached from earthly reality as if they refer to a space station, hardly interrelated with nature or society. Societal ethics or environmental awareness are not embedded in the agenda, confining training in merely technical skills with major focus on the aesthetic. An architectural student suddenly transported to many of our architecture schools from 1900 Paris would feel right at home.[30] _____________________ Environmental crisis is repeatedly under the limelight of the media but, remarkably, it is seldom included in the academic discourse. There is little systematic awareness of the relationship of building and urban design with vital environmental issues like energy water shortages, air ground pollution, urban heat island ecological footprint, or resources depletion. And certainly such topics are not included in project briefs or ordinary student work. _______________________ Furthermore, there is insufficient supplementary input through technical classes like building physics or environmental technology that could support sustainable design projects. When students do not understand the dynamic linkage between structures, environmental conditions and users, it is not easy to differentiate, say, between building in the landscape and building in interaction with the landscape.[31] 1.6.2 Outside the classroom The introduction of sustainability in architecture schools encounters further difficulties stemming from the outer side of the academic walls: ____________________ Sustainable design has yet to find a clear identity: Is it a building technique, a blend of architecture and engineering that can be applied on any architectural variety just like, say, fire safety or seismic proofing? Is it just one more architectural fashion, perhaps with extra consideration to the environment than the rest, with its own stylistic trademarks like solar collectors, conservatories, or green labels? Or is it a novel design mindset, where nature society, today tomorrow are equal partners in the design framework? _____________________ The sustainable design family includes variations like energy conscious, bioclimatic, solar, ecological, or green, any of which could be applied in a non-sustainable manner. For instance, an energy-saving scheme could employ non-ecological materials; bioclimatic skyscrapers use more resources than low rise, and the sustainability of a huge green mansion with just two occupants is questionable. It is clear that sustainable design in full scale is a complex endeavor that requires a holistic alertness on a broad array of subjects, technical as much as social: Although there is much interest and curiosity about the subject, no one would say its easy to learn or apply in practice.[32] ______________________ The architectural haut couture of our era markets themes rather far from sustainability. As a result prudence and ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ (metron = Greek for measure) are ostracized from the main architectural values[33]. Given that architecture is always learned by example, many students and many grownups too clone the glamorous paradigms of the grand maitres,

Mitsuyo Maeda :: essays research papers

Mitsuyo Maeda In 1904, "Judo's founder Jigoro Kano sent one of his strongest young judoka, Mitsuyo Maeda (1880-1941) with Jojiro Tomita to the White House to assist in a judo demonstration for President Teddy Roosevelt. After a formal demonstration, an American football player in the audience issued an impromptu challenge." The less adept Tomita took to the floor instead of Maeda. "Tomita failed with a throw and was pinned helplessly beneath the football player's bulk. Maeda, abashed by Tomita's poor showing and frantic to reassert the superiority of Kodokan Judo, stayed on. He persuaded some Japanese businessmen to stake him $1,000 in prize money and embarked on a long career of challenging all comers throughout North and South America. The 5'5'', 154-pound Maeda was said to have engaged in over 1,000 challenge matches, never once losing a judo-style competition and only once or twice suffering defeat as a professional wrestler. In Brazil, where he eventually settled he was feted a s Conte Comte ("Count Combat") and his savage system of fighting, now called 'Gracie Jujutsu,' is employed by certain fighters in present-day 'no-holds-barred' professional matches." 1 B I O G R A P H Y It was Maeda who brought Jiu-Jitsu to Brazil. As a member of the Kodokan, Maeda went to America with his kohai Satake, etc. as Judo ambassadors. He was said to have fought more than 100 fights and in Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, he was respected as Count Koma (Conde Koma). Maeda was born in Aomori Prefecture in 1878. When he was a boy, he learned Tenshin (Tenshin Shin'yo) Jiu-Jitsu. He moved to Tokyo when he was about 18 and went to Tokyo Senmon School. He began practicing Judo and a record of him entering the Kodokan is dated 1897. He was very persistant and never gave up on anything. He was naturaly talented in judo and rose through the ranks quickly to establish himself as the most promising young judoka in the Kodokan. Maeda was a small man at 164 cm, 70 kilo. In 1904, he travelled to the U.S. with one of his instructors, Tsunejiro Tomita. The first and only place they demonstrated judo together was at the U.S. Army academy in West Point. Contrary to what has been published, they never went to the White House to meet the President, Teddy Roosevelt. It was the Kodokan great, Yoshitsugu Yamashita who taught Roosevelt judo at the White House and later engaged in a match with a wrestler nearly twice his size at Roosevelt's request, which took place at the U.

Crimes and Misdemeanors Essay

â€Å"Crimes and Misdemeanors† Woody Allen’s, â€Å"Crimes and Misdemeanors†, film paints a realistic picture of the real world in which we all live. His film brilliantly portrays the lives of how a large amount of people across this globe live their own life and does not attempt to â€Å"sugarcoat† any event that occurs in the movie; he merely tells it how it is and provides information for what people should expect in todays world. Allen takes on the issue of the human races’ true beliefs of morality and what actually happens in he real world, in contrast to what typically takes place in movies. Allen transpires different events throughout his movie that create a lingering question for his audience on the thoughts of morality in a â€Å"godless† community. Adultery, lies, and murder were only a small sum of the crimes that were committed in Allen’s movie. However, the question becomes how the characters reacted to their own acts of immorality. The most in depth storyline in this movie was that of Judah Rosenthal, who comes to the conclusion that in a world devoid of godly resence, all acts are permissible, even adultery and murder. Once a person erases their belief on certain morals and values, it is much easier for them to erase crimes or immoral acts they have committed from their mind as being immoral. Judah does an extraordinary Job at showing this in the movie when he finds out that someone else was arrested for the murder of Dolores; he automatically knew he was off the hook and made himself believe he did no wrong. By doing this he was capable of going on and living his life. Another main character in Allen’s movie, was one layed by him himself. Throughout the movie Cliff embarked on new ideas and experiences because they were his passion and what he believed, however at the end of the movie we watch as Cliff loses everything he believed in from his love, his career, and his family. Many may question why Cliff would lose everything if he had so many good strong beliefs and how Judah can move on with his life even after being involved in a murder. However, the answer according to this movie is simple. We as the human race, define ourselves by our choices, with the absence of god. In he issue concerning Cliff losing everything he believed in, it wasn’t necessarily a punishment, but in all actuality shows how it can be relevant to real life. Not all times, does a person with good morals get what they want. In addition, Judah was going to move on with his life no matter if he had a religious background or not. Judah saw the world as, once God is gone all things are permissible, which shows his true morals and values as a person. His character depicts the life of one who has done wrong and escaped punishment in their life at some point, which again can be pplied to the real world on a daily basis. Regarding the different situations that occur all across this movie, it is shown that there can be a sense of morality in our world without the belief of a certain religion. This movie portrays many types of religious beliefs within the characters and then goes on to show that even people who do not necessarily believe in God, still have morals they might Just value certain areas more than others. God is essentially a the absence of god, anything anyone wants to make permissible to their own self can be made permissible.

Innovative Approaches to Corporate Management

Innovative Approaches to Corporate Management Free Online Research Papers Year after year the same companies find themselves on the Fortune 500 list. One common denominator has been their approach to corporate management. In order for a company to be successful in today’s market, companies have to have a clear cut vision in the form of a mission statement and create a corporate culture which moves that vision into a reality. Companies cannot fear change, but rather embrace it and view it as a way to take their companies to the next level and become a model for other companies to emulate. Innovative Approaches to Corporate Management In 2001, Enron, based in Houston, Texas, was one of the world’s leading electricity, natural gas, and communications companies. Fortune Magazine named Enron as one of America’s most innovative company for six consecutive years from 1996-2001(Enron, 2006). Enron was well positioned in the market, and there seemed to be no stopping this powerhouse corporation. By the end of 2001, Enron had declared bankruptcy and became, arguably, the biggest corporate failure in American history due to poor corporate management (Epstein, 2006). While Enron’s Chief Executive Officer, executives, and managers let corruption, dishonesty, and greed be their mantra for corporate management, successful companies such as Microsoft were flourishing by taking innovative approaches to their corporate management policies. Microsoft was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico and incorporates in 1981 (Microsoft, 2007). Over 30 years later Microsoft has become the leading software company in the world today thanks to the development of a software package called Windows (Microsoft, 2007). Windows is found on virtually every home and office computer in use today. In fiscal year 2006, Microsoft generated over $44 billion dollars and returned $26 billion to its shareholders (Microsoft, 2007). Currently, Microsoft employs over 76,000 people in over 100 countries and continues to expand to new markets (Microsoft, 2007). Microsoft’s overall success can be attributed to their corporate management and corporate governance. In the 1970’s and early 1980’s companies typically held board meetings, and the executives sat in the conference room to decide the company’s fate in their morning meetings. By the end of the 1980’s and the early 1990’s, companies employed new tactics by hiring so called visionaries to help take their company into the new millennium, but had trouble implementing the vision into a working plan, or they faced resistance from the common worker who could not quite see the â€Å"big picture† because they were not privy to all the pieces of the puzzle. Companies like Microsoft were able to surpass their competition by moving that vision from the board room to the quarterly shareholder’s meeting and then to the break room so that they were able to move their vision into execution. A prime example of Microsoft moving vision into execution is the gaming system X-Box. When Bill Gates first announced the X-Box at the turn of the century, everyone thought he was mad or just plain crazy. Sony was the front runner with the Playstation, and Nintendo was running a close second with the Game Cube, while Sega was bringing up the rear in third place with the Saturn (Chang Kakuchi, 2000). The gaming market seemed impossible to penetrate given the competition producing such quality gaming systems, but Microsoft was determined to announce their presence with authority in an industry noted for its opposition to outsiders. Gates marketed his vision to produce a gaming console to over 150 developers including the likes of Activision, Konami, Capcom, Eidos, Epic, and eventually Entertainment Arts (Microsoft, 2007). Seven years later, Microsoft has claimed the number two spot, only slightly behind Sony (Ars Technia, 2007). Having a vision is one thing, however being able to effectively communicate that vision to the lowest level within the company is another approach corporate managers are taking. Corporate communication is essential in determining the success of a business. For a business to run efficiently, good lines of communication must be established between management and staff. Many companies refer to this approach as the â€Å"open door† or the â€Å"top down† policy. Innovative thinkers realized that senior leadership did not always have the answers or present the best ideas and that sometimes the best ideas came from the hourly employee out in the trenches doing the daily mundane labor. Being open and receptive to such ideas allowed employees to create their own vision and promoted a sense of collaboration. Achieving that â€Å"buy-in† from employees and allowing them to feel as if they can affect change is essential to company survival and longevity. Not only com municating vision to employees, but shareholders and customers as well, is also another innovative approach found within many successful companies. Microsoft conducts quarterly shareholder meetings to communicate the current status of the company by giving their investors and customers accurate and honest information concerning financial reports, technologies, employees, and growth plans, just to name a few (Microsoft, 2007). In addition to quarterly meetings, Microsoft also posts the information on their website for the public to view as well. The team concept is yet another approach prevalent in many of the top companies listed on the Fortune 500. Instead of a senior to subordinate relationship, successful companies are adapting to a teammate to teammate business model. The benefits of team building activities increase team motivation in a fun and relaxed environment: they boost team morale, increase communication, get teams working together, help teams to get to know each other, enhance leadership skills, help teams learn new strength and build trust within companies (Accolade, 2007). Another benefit of team building is the breakdown of traditional barriers that were often the status quo in corporate America. By moving the managers out of their private offices and allowing employees to interact with them on a more personal level, it created an environment much more conducive to collaboration. Corporate managers must be the first to step outside of their comfort zones and lead. Today, the role of corporate management is to facilitate change. One approach that Microsoft promotes is the implementation of newer technologies. A research department within Microsoft is â€Å"dedicated to conducting both basic and applied research in computer science and software engineering†(Microsoft, 2007). They openly collaborate with many colleges and universities all over the globe. With the abundance of change occurring in the corporate world, and the implementation of newer technologies, the road ahead can be unclear. It is important to create a corporate culture which allows for employees to overcome their fears: fear of the unknown and fear of being wrong. A lot can be said about a company just by taking a look at the corporate culture and the way employees are treated. According to Wong (2002), there are four healthy styles of corporate cultures: Progressive-adaptive culture, Purpose-driven culture, Community-oriented culture, and People-centered culture. Businesses are not multi-million dollar corpor ations overnight and technologies are not invented in a day. More often than not, a great deal of trial and error goes into the discovery of newer and improved ways to do business and streamlining processes. Eventually the wrongs will turn into rights, the unknown will become clearer, and the vision will become a reality. Enron, Tyco, Adelphia, and Worldcom are all examples of recent corporate failures (The University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, 2007). Their failures all boil down to one common mistake, poor corporate management. Meanwhile, the same companies consistently continue to make the Fortune 500 list year after year. Looking over the course of history and the growth for each of these companies, their success can be defined by the innovations to their each and own corporate management policies. References Accolade. (2007). Team building. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from accolade-corporate- events.com/team-building.htm Ars Technia, LLC. (2007). From the news desk. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060611-7030.html Chang, M., Kakuchi, S. (2000). Business: Game, set and match. Asia Week, 29, 26 Enron Creditors Recovery Corp. (2006). Press Releases 2001. Retrieved June 15, 2007, from enron.com/corp/pressroom/releases/2001 Epstein, A. (2006, July 7). The Unlearned Lesson of Ken Lay and Enron. Capitalism Magazine. Retrieved June 15, 2007, from http://capmag.com/index.asp Microsoft Corporation. (2007). Annual reportst. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from microsoft.com Microsoft Corporation. (2007). Fast facts about Microsoft. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from microsoft.com Microsoft Corporation. (2007). News archive. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from microsoft.com The University of Chicago Graduate School of Business. (2007). Capital ideas. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from chicagogsb.edu/capideas/fall03/corporategovernance.html Wong, P. T. P. (2002). Creating a positive, meaningful work climate: A new challenge for management and leadership. In B. Pattanayak and V. Gupta (Eds.) Creating performing organizations: International perspectives for Indian management. New Delhi, India: Sage. Research Papers on Innovative Approaches to Corporate ManagementThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export QuotasPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of India

Huntington †Clash of Civilizations

Huntington – Clash of Civilizations Free Online Research Papers In his famous article Clash of Civilizations?, which was published in the summer of 1993 issue of Foreign Affairs, Huntington proclaims that with the end of the Cold War, a new basis of division has emerged in the world; the ideological conflicts of the past will be replaced by inter-cultural conflicts involving civilizations. Huntington identifies seven or eight major, contemporary civilizations: the Western, Latin American and Orthodox (these two possibly being derivations of Western civilization but with an own cultural identity), Islamic, Sinic, Hindu and Japanese, with the possibility of an African civilization completing the list. Furthermore, the conflict is unavoidable and will take place across civilizational borders or fault-lines. The clash will almost inevitably affect Australia as well, since it is part of Western civilization as shown in 2.1 – and due to the intensity of the clash Western vs. Islamic civilizations, Australia could face challenges due to its Muslim neighbours. Furthermore, Australia is also affected, not only by such fault-line conflicts, but also by the possibility of a loss of cultural identity due to its attempts to integrate in economic regional institutions such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Another example for the special case that Australia offers is the aspect of the torn countries. These are nations that have their own homogeneous culture and can’t be affiliated to a civilization as understood by Huntington, which would leave Australia as an independent entity. To what extent Huntington is right with his affirmations, and if they can really steer the system of modern international politics, will be discussed by applying his thoughts to Australia as a showcase scenario. For a better understanding of the underlying problems, we will firstly depict Huntington’s statements and later apply his thoughts to the situation of Australia in the international system. By doing so, we will prove Huntingtons paradigm wrong in various ways. 2. What are Civilizations and why will they clash For Huntington the grouping of countries into the first, second or third world is no longer of importance. The only thing that matters is their cultural and ethnic, in short, civilizational allegiance. But what are civilizations, in which ways do they differ from one another and why will they clash? 2.1 Civilizations, Culture and Religion Culture is the highest level of identity for Huntington, it is the broadest level of identification an individual can have with a collective (i.e. ethnic or religious groups). It is what all Arabs or Hindus have in common and at the same time, differentiates them from Westerners or Africans. It is, in a sense, the smallest common noun in a group itself defined by culture. And this cultural entity is what takes the form of a civilization. The criteria by which he differs civilizations from one another are origin, religion, language, history, values, customs and traditions, institutions. According to this, Huntington divides the world into eight civilizations: the Western, Latin American, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and African. Five of these have their respective core state (leading country) or states: for Western civilization it is the European Union (EU) and the United States; for the Orthodox civilization it is Russia; for the Sinic civilization, China; for the Hindu civilization, India; and for the Japanese civilization, Japan. There is no such core state for the Islamic civilization (being so widespread Huntington prefers to point out three subdivisions: the Arabic, Turkish and Malaysian ), nor for Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. The division of countries into civilizations seems random since Greece is not part of Western civilization but of the Slavic-orthodox, even though it is a member of the European Union and NATO and Western civilization is based on the classic-Greek civilization. Furthermore, even though they both form part of the Islamic civilization, there is little in common between Tunisia and Indonesia apart from religion. Thus, the central aspect in Huntington’s differentiation between civilizations is of religious nature even if he prefers to call it cultural. In der modernen Welt ist Religion eine zentrale, vielleicht sogar die zentrale Kraft, welche die Menschen motiviert und mobilisiert.â€Å" â€Å"()Menschen kmpfen und sterben fà ¼r ihren Glauben.â€Å" To the six major civilizations Huntington has depicted, we can assign one world religion or subordinate branch (the catholic/protestant and the orthodox are all Christians) to each Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Christianit y, and Islam – or to put it in his own words: †die grossen Religionen sind () in einem sehr realen Sinn die Grundlagen, auf denen die grossen Zivilisationen ruhen.â€Å" 2.2 Why Civilizations will Clash Huntington exposes six reasons why it will come to a clash between civilizations. First, the differences between civilizations are basic. They are â€Å"the product of centuriesâ€Å" and „far more fundamental than differences among political ideologies and political regimesâ€Å" Since man is born into them, they play a substantial part in the kind of education received. This implies that differing views in subjects such as God and man or family values of a socio-political kind will inevitably lead to conflict. Second, the increasing interactions between civilizations make the differences and commonalities between them clearer, sharpening predilections or prejudices and thus intensifying cultural consciousness. Third, the global economic modernization estranges people from their traditional identities, weakening the nation state as source of identity and fostering the revival of religion and religious movements. â€Å"Global has no roots and people want roots.â€Å" Only through globalization do people notice their cultural belonging. Fourth, the West, with its dominating role in the international stage, can either motivate to join or create the opposite †back to the rootsâ€Å" phenomenon. Other civilizations won’t let their values be felt as inferior to those of the West, and they †increasingly have the desire, the will and the resources to shape the world in non-Western ways.† Fifth, the impossibility to change cultural differences makes it very difficult to overcome them since †they are less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic onesâ€Å". So the question asked by Huntington is †what are you?â€Å", since †a person can be half-French and half-Arab and simultaneously even a citizen of two countries. It is more difficult to be half-Catholic and half-Muslim. â€Å" Again, the religious belief is the biggest defining element when finding out the alignment of the individual. Finally, the increase in economic regionalism will reinforce civilization-consciousness and at the same time can only succeed based on a common culture. NAFTA (Mexico became member in 1996), ASEAN or Mercosur serve as examples, as do the difficulties Japan faces in creating a similar economic institution. 2.3 The Conflicts along the Faultlines and the Kin-country Syndrome The faultlines are the borders between civilizations, which is where the cultural battles will take place. It seems that Western and Islamic civilizations have been in conflict for the past thirteen-hundred years culminating in the Iraqi and Yugoslavian wars, †(t)his centuries old military interaction between the West and Islam is unlikely to decline. It could become more virulent.† The next idea worthy of comment is the kin-country syndrome which holds for a self-evident truth, that the rallying of allies is easiest and almost exclusive to countries of the same civilization 2.4 The West versus the Rest The West dominates every aspect of international relations, be it of political, security or economic kind since it plays the leading and founding role in the major international institutions (i.e. U.N., IMF, WTO). For instance, it has three seats out of five in the U.N. Security Council and â€Å"(t)hrough the IMF the West promotes its economic interests and imposes on other nations the economic policies it thinks appropriate.† Huntington sees the actions taken by the West as assuring and maintaining of Western predominance in the globe, which he finds necessary. But at the same time, other states, like China, will not accept a world in which its values are regarded as inferior to those of the West and will not accept global socio-economic institutions which limit its possibilities. â€Å"The values that are most important in the West are least important worldwide† and trying to affirm or impose them on an international institution or maybe even on another culture ca n cause misunderstandings and will lead to a re-indigenization or reaffirmation of traditional values. Huntington sees three possible reactions to Western hegemony from other states. The first option is to follow a course of isolation from the West and western policies as North Korea does. Unluckily though, this can only be achieved through massive public-control by the state so as to avoid the cultural Westoxication of the nation in question. This is not only costly but also proves to be a Herculean task, since ranging from the internet to the purchase of the simplest necessity, the West is almost always involved and present (for example the free market, freedom of speech, etc). The second possibility is â€Å"band-wagoningâ€Å" which means to try and join a country on the rise instead of looking for the classical balance of power. It involves accepting the leading country’s values and institutions. Turkey would be a good example since it is trying to join the EU. It is also what Huntington denominates a torn country, which will be explained in the following chapter. The third and last possibility is for a country or group of them to try and build a counter-balance to the West. To work though, they need a more or less equal military capacity as well as economic power, and while cooperating with each other (either intra- or inter-civilizational) to â€Å"[preserve] indigenous values and institutions; in short, to modernize but not to Westernize.â€Å" So Huntington acknowledges that the existing structure of international institutions is indeed a product of Western hegemony and reflects Western values. Only by adopting a policy of coexistence and recognizing the legitimacy of the values the other civilizations hold as sacred, can a violent conflict between civilizations be avoided. 2.5 The Torn Countries A torn country has a homogenial culture (i.e. customs, history, religion, etc.) Normally its history, culture and traditions are mostly non-Western but their leaders, according to Huntington , usually seek a bandwagoning strategy to join the West but they also have to heed the wishes of the antagonistic, traditionalist forces. For a torn country to be accepted into a new civilization, there are three requirements it must meet: First, the intellectual elite of the country must be willing to and support the change, since they are the ones to make the future changes. Second, the citizens of the country must be willing to adopt their new identity as well, since they are the bearers of the burden. Third, the civilization the country in question wants to join must be willing â€Å"to embrace the convert†. 3. Making the Case for Australia 3.1 Australias Place in the World According to Huntingtons own explanation, Australia is part of Western civilization. About 95% of Australians are of European descent (mostly British and Irish), with a minority of its population being of Asian (1,5%) or indigenous (2.2%) descent. Around 70% of its population has Christian beliefs, and its form of government is a Parliamentary Monarchy (i. e. Democratic form of government); which undoubtedly situates Australia in the midst of western countries. 3.2 Conflicts and Faultlines Now that the question of Australias civilizational affiliation is cleared, the question of intercultural conflicts arises. First, the most obvious faultline that affects Australia emerges from the border with Indonesia, a Islamic country. Since the 1970s the greatest priority of Australian foreign policy had been to have good diplomatic ties with Indonesia. So it came, that PMs Whitlam, Hawke and Keating kept supporting Indonesia in a show of Chamberlainesque appeasement, even after they had invaded East-Timor (a predominantly Catholic country) in 1975 . When John Howard was elected in 1996, he immediately sent peacekeeping forces into East Timor and advocated Australias support for their independence. The role of this support of an essentially Christian country against a Muslim nation was detrimental to Australias reputation with other Muslim countries. One could also argue, that the political cost of mobilization to help East Timor was lower, since East Timor is also a Christian country. This would prove Huntingtons idea of the kin-country syndrome. This is supported as well by various other decisions made on foreign policy. John Howards foreign policy initiatives during his administration where mainly directed at strengthening the link between Australia and the USA, culminating in a belligerent engagement in Afghanistan and Iraq . Clearly a political course of bandwagoning with the stronger power. Thus, the combination of supporting the US and the Timorese against the Muslim World has had detrimental effects on Australias relationship with Middle Eastern countries and some Asian countries, which has only been improved through the generous relief given to the victims of the Tsunami of 2004. 3.3 Australia, a Torn Country? Australia has undertaken important steps towards economic integration in the South-East Pacific region. It has joined APEC and shown true commitment to its cause by enlarging its annual budget allowance for APEC in 2007 up to AU14.5$ According to Huntington, this shows that Australian leaders are aiming at making a torn country in reverse out of Australia. This means, that they seek to defect from western civilization and to redefine themselves as an Asian country. According to Huntington, Australian leaders argued that their countries future lay within the dynamic economies of East Asia. Yet as Huntington poses, close economic cooperation normally requires a cultural base (like in the EU, Mercosur or NAFTA). Taking the thought even further, even if the Australian elites where willing to go that far, the Australian population would have to give their consent (a very improbable thing to happen) and the new hosting Civilization would have to accept the newcomer (Australia), which is about as improbable . As of now, not a single country has succesfully realigned itself within a new civilizational community, and the chances of it happening look rather bleak. To support the idea of the problematic realignment – in terms of financial interests – it suffices to check the proposals for an All- Asian Free Trade Zone presented by Malaysia in 1990 called the East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC) or East Asia Economic Group (EAEG), which encompassed member states of ASEAN The initiative was presented due to the dissatisfaction of joining ASEAN (an Asian-states-only institution) with APEC (which has member states from the western civilization as well- i.e. USA, Australia) and was aimed at leaving out any western powers. In the end little was done to materialize any final agreements on implementation of EAEC . Still, this serves as an example to clarify to what extent Australia would have faced difficulties in trying to align itself in a new Civilization. The core countries would have left them out. 4. Conclusion All in all, Huntington presents his thoughts clearly and finds some strong arguments to back his different thesis. After having applied parts of his work to Australia the credit one must give him seems to rise. Yet one should beware taking his work as the new paradigm for international relations since some of his ideas are still unproven. In Australias case, economic cooperation with its neighbours can ensure a rise in the living standards of the nations involved, which in itself has the gracious side effect of improving conditions for democracies to foster. According to the modernization theory, richer populations usually expect more freedom from their governing elite, which in the end usually results in a turn towards a more democratic environment. The better news is that democracies have the tendency to sort problems with other democratic countries in non-violent ways, making a peaceful coexistence easier. That way, Australia could very well forfeit belligerent stands on its diver se neighbours along its faultlines, and instead focus on economic development and free trade. The rise in the budget made for APEC shows that it is willing to invest in means of fighting corruption and empowering free trade in its neighbouring countries which according to Huntingtons Hobbesian view of international relations would seem imposible. List of â€Å"Australia.† Der Fischer Weltalmanach: 2006. Frankfurt a. M. 2006 Huntington, Samuel P.: Kampf der Kulturen, Die Neugestaltung der Weltpolitik im 21. Jahrhundert. Mà ¼nchen: 1996 Huntington, Samuel P.: â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations?† Foreign Affairs, Volume 72 Nr.3, Summer 1993 Fickling, David: â€Å"Australia to send troops to Afghanistan† The Guardian Wednsday July 13, 2005 Hopkins, Andrea: â€Å"Australia let Indonesia invade East Timor in 1975† The Guardian Wednesday September 13, 2000 Information on ASEANs decision regarding EAEC, in: aseansec.org/9269.htm Lubbers, R.F.M: â€Å"A response to Samuel Huntington.† September 1997. December 20th 2007 â€Å"Australia Increases Contribution to APEC.† News Release Issued by the 19th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Ministerial Meeting Sydney: September 6, 2007 REUTERS: â€Å"Our alliance with the US remains pivotal† The Guardian, Saturday October 9 2004 Rushdie, Salman: â€Å"Yes, this is about Islam.† New York Times, November 2, 2001, January 24, 2008 Triandis, Harry C.: â€Å"Cross-Cultural Studies of Individualism and Collectivism. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.† New York Times, Dec. 25, 1990 â€Å"Und dann die Atombombe. Gesprch mit Professor Samuel Huntington† Der Spiegel, Nr. 48, 25.11.1996 Research Papers on Huntington - Clash of CivilizationsCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaHip-Hop is Art

Identify, explain and evaluate any problems you can foresee upon the Case Study

Identify, explain and evaluate any problems you can foresee upon the death, disability or retirement of Jessica - Case Study Example In the case of retirement, obviously if she had secured a permanent job. Walter will most likely switch to a better paying job, in order to cushion the family from any event that might have affected Jessica. Or based on his assumption of a current employment, he will ask for a salary increase. Their house, based on their current valuation indicates that it appreciates at approximately $9000 each year. If she is to retire at the age of 60 and the rate of inflation stayed fixed, it will be valued at $478000.Within this time, their 15-year mortgage plan will have been fully cleared. Other joint investments will with BMO, will stay the same, while one of the cars, preferably Jessica’s, and will be sold off to keep family finances afloat. The expenses will be borne heavily by Walter, since Jessica will have less to deduct from. The insurance premiums and other deductions will likely continue especially the monthly taxes as well as household needs. Whether the weight will be borne by the two entirely depends on the presence and ability of Jessica. In case of death, her tax deductions as well as her car benefits will be cut short, while the weight will shift to Walter, who is likely to start cutting down on the expense. The will they made, even though not up to date, encompasses what makes up their life. As a result, it will come into operation in the case of her death, with Walter and the kids taking full shares in the marital property. In such a situation, Walter is likely to revise the will and entitle the kids to full administration of estate in case of his unavailability too. Assuming Jessica too plans to retire at 60 and things remain the same, she won’t be entitled to any benefits, since she is not in any pension plan. In case of her demise, the spousal plan currently being paid for her by her husband will stop. The available group health insurance policy will cover Jessica, unless she is dead. The

Factors That Have Shaped Bahamian Culture Essay

Factors That Have Shaped Bahamian Culture - Essay Example The essay "Factors That Have Shaped Bahamian Culture" discusses a number of factors that have shaped the Bahamian culture and identity since a large number of Haitian migration to the Bahamas at the end of the 18th century have been instrumental in constant tension between the Bahamians and Haitians. However, the Haitian retention of African based beliefs and customs, its music, folklore, and gambling habits, has had some effect on the Bahamas. Since 1967, there have been developments in music, dance, festivals, literature, painting crafts, and architectural preservation, which have helped define a Bahamian identity. The Department of Archives plays a dominant role in preserving the rich island architectural heritage and takes care of the antiquities, monuments, and museums. However, the lack of recognition by other Caribbean countries has been a great stumbling block for the nation to establish its own identity and many outsiders viewed the Bahamas as an offshoot of the United State s and a tourist Mecca with sun, sand, sea, and sex, and a society devoid of serious writers. Analysing the Bahamian culture one can understand that it is the Bahamian African culture that has shaped the Bahamian identity and that factors such as the tourism industry, the changed political scenario, and the oral tradition and newspapers have been instrumental in developing the Bahamian culture and identity. Yinna points out three elements that contributed to the formation of a ‘collective self-image’ among the Bahamians after 1973.

Blakes Tyger and Bliges No More Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Blakes Tyger and Bliges No More Drama - Essay Example His work has the art of symbolism embedded in it - a fact that can be seen as he describes one of the Creator's tools as the anvil, thus using the Creator to signify the essence and work of a blacksmith. In this poem, Blake depicts at once, the beauty as well as the fear attached with the natural and the unknown - the tiger. Seen from his eyes, this species is a being of such beauty in all it fine golden colors and ferocity depicted through its claws and teeth as well as the rhythm in its roar, that the onlooker gets intimidated more than anything else. Blake pitches the tiger's case when he speaks of the tiger's aspirations in attaining the strength and beauty as far as covering certain goals and going a certain distance in its lifetime are concerned. If we are to concentrate on the analysis of the language used by Blake, otherwise known as stylistics, we will find a striking use of poetic iconicity that highlights the effect of the tiger on an unassuming onlooker, in its natural habitat. When speaking of burning eyes, Blake not only depicts the fire that rages within this animal, but also shows the ionic significance its eyes bear to the blacksmith's fire - the Creator's fire in which the anvil that created the tiger was seasoned. Also, Blake follows a safe pattern throughout his work - one that comes across through the rhyming words in every sentence and every alternate sentence as the poem progresses. Also, considering the fact that poetry is meant to be crisp in its presentation, Blake has managed to keep alive this trait by employing short and snappy sentences to direct an underscore of energy into the jungle that envelopes this being. In this regard, the lyrics of the song we are comparing with the Tyger, are of a more modern and bold nature. Mary J Blige with her unconventional ways and meaningful videos, is similar to Blake in her style of showing intensity as well as tender feeling towards fellow beings around her, simultaneously. In her song, No More Drama, Blige demonstrates the same crisp style of writing but with less use of rhyming words. The phonetic echo in her song is restricted to the message she is trying to put across through her song. While Blake's Tyger was an epitomy of a certain being, Blige's No more drama is a song about feelings and emotions. Thus, Blake's work is a self contained piece of art that signifies the essence of the fire in the tiger's eyes while Blige's song is one that places more emphasis on the drama portrayed in one's everyday life - a drama supposedly lost to the exit of that special someone. In sound and context, both pieces of work bear similarity in intensity but again, the nuances of the lives obviously led by the two artists are poles apart. Blige, in her ultra modern world, does not see any need for medieval poetic influence in her lyrics, while Blake's agenda seems to one that revolves around making each word meaningful. In short, every stanza of the poem is a theme in itself while the words in Blige's song contribute to a wholesome theme. In this context, it may be seen, that taken separately, the words in Bliges song would mean nothing to the listener in terms of rhythm or focus on language. To divert our attention wholly to Blige's song, we will find that this is one of personal pain, unlike Blake's poem which celebrates the beauty of the tiger and the fear evoked by this being simultaneously. Blige, in her song is more into mundane things and makes